Information on technology

Hello Guys ! ! !

Have you heard of the 4th generation (4G) mobile technology? Only few have heard that.. Yes it is new for me too but as we are moving forward with enhanced speed in every technology, the mobile technology also advances with us.

Yes... 4G technology is the next generation technology after 3G in wireless communications..Lately iPhone releases this model cell phones with every technology a man needs and here is the video from you tube. Its really amazing.

4G is nothing but "anytime", "anywhere" concept where voice, data and multimedia are embedded in it to have a better experience with a high speed bandwidth. As per Wikipedia, bandwidth requirements for 4G are 1 Gbit/s for stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation. It is mainly developed and distributed for a good quality od service for messaging service, HD TV in mobile, broadband access to internet and much more...

Stay tunes for more info in the next posts.................

 
Most of us are still using Windows XP, the operating system (OS) that Microsoft first developed way back in 2001. Though the company released Windows Vista in early 2007, few upgraded to it.

Vista came with substantially enhanced security features that also lent the system greater stability, helping to avoid the kind of 'hanging' and 'crashing' that one suffered with previous versions of the OS. But the enhanced features also made Vista so computing-resource hungry that it slowed down all applications. The only way you could make it run well was by substantially upgrading your hardware.

That would have meant significant expenditure. And most Indians — consumers and enterprises — thought it just not worth the money.

Vista's failure pushed Microsoft to work quickly towards another version. It's called Windows 7 and is expected to be commercially launched later this year, as some reports speculate. A beta version has been under test for a while, and what's called a release candidate (RC) — a version with potential to be the final product — has just been launched. Last week, Mike Nash, corporate VP in Microsoft, gave TOI a demo of the beta version from Redmond, US. What we give below is based on what we saw and heard, and what other beta version reviewers have to say. 

Windows 7 is great on an HTPC because it has the look and functionality of Vista to the hardware requirements of XP . The Media Center application, which we’ve written about before, makes organizing, watching and listening to audio and video convenient, and Windows 7 handles larger fonts and icons better than the aging XP.

So, using Windows 7 as a base, I’ve put together a cheap, low-power, reasonably functional HTPC that wouldn’t have been nearly as good if I had built it before October 22. Tune in tomorrow, when I’ll let you know the particulars of the components I’ve picked.  In the meantime, check out the Windows 7 Media Center PC Everton built for less than $300.

Courtesy: http://windows7news.com

Researchers say it works by connecting human nerve endings with tiny electronic sensors. Duncan Kennedy reports from Tuscany in Italy.

Platforms based on the Intel® 975X Express Chipset and Intel® Pentium® processor Extreme Edition deliver incredible high performance for gaming, multimedia entertainment and demanding business applications of today and tomorrow.

The Intel 975X Express Chipset enables Intel's highest desktop performance platforms, with support for the latest Intel dual-core processors, adding intelligence to help manage and prioritize multiple (quad) threads received from the processor.

In addition to multiple thread support, the Intel 975X Express Chipset enables key performance-optimized capabilities such as support for multiple 2x8 graphics cards, Intel® Memory Pipeline Technology (Intel® MPT), 8GB memory addressability to enable 64-bit computing, and ECC memory support.

You can get more details here:


http://www.intel.com/Products/Desktop/Chipsets/975X/975X-overview.htm

Lets welcome the new technology and have a comfortable speedy way in computing.

                The new technolgy that emerges in the world of Microsoft today is 'Technology of tabletop'. Just see the video and let your imagination flow... Everything you need for latest advancement is here.

This is really modern and it is going to be on the streets soon.... Just wait and see....

Active Directory Management

Active Directory allows administrators to manage large numbers of users, computers, printers,  and network resources from a central location by using the administrative tools that Windows server 2003 provides. Active Directory also supports decentralized administration by allowing an administrator with the proper authority to delegate a selected set of administrative privileges to appropriate users or groups within an organization. Active Directory provides a number of features that allow administrators to manage resources centrally. The following  describes

How Active Directory enable Centralized Administration.

1.    Active Directory contains information about all objects and their attributes. The attributes hold data that describes the resource that the directory object identifies. Because information about all network resources is stored in Active Directory, a single administrator can centrally manage and administer network resources.

2.    Active Directory can be queried by using protocols such as LDAP. Administrators can easily locate information about objects by searching for selected attributes of the object, using tools that support LDAP.

3.    Active Directory allows you to group objects with similar administrative and security requirements into organizational units. Organizational units provide multiple levels of administrative authority for both applying Group Policy settings and delegating administrative control. This delegation of administrative authority simplifies the task of managing these objects and allows administrators to structure Active Directory to fit their needs.

4.    Active Directory uses Group Policy to provide administrators with the ability to specify Group Policy settings for a site, domain, or organizational unit. Active Directory then enforces these Group Policy settings for all of the users and computers within the container.

 How Active Directory Supports Decentralized Management:

Active Directory enables you to delegate administrative privileges for certain objects to appropriate groups within an organization. This is possible because the structure of Active Directory allows you to assign permissions and grant user rights in very specific ways. We can delegate the following types of administrative control:

1.    Assigning permissions, such as Full Control, for specific organizational units to different domain local groups.

2.    Assigning the permissions to modify specific attributes of an object in a single organizational unit. For example, assigning the permission to change name, address, and telephone number, and to reset passwords on a user account object.

3.     Assigning the permissions to perform the same task, such as resetting passwords, in all organizational units of a domain.

Some common GUI tools for administering Active Directory.

1.    Active Directory Users and Computers  A Microsoft Management Console (MMC) hat you can use to administer and publish information in the directory. Using Active Directory Users and Computers, you can manage user accounts, groups, and computer accounts, add computers to a domain, manage account policy, user rights, and audit policy.

2.    Active Directory Domains and Trusts An MMC that you can use to administer domain trusts and forest trusts, add user principal name suffixes, and change the domain and forest functional levels.

3.    Active Directory Sites and Services An MMC that you can use to administer the replication of directory data.

4.    Active Directory Schema The Active Directory Schema MMC is an Active Directory administrative tool for managing the schema. It is not available by default on the Administrative Tools menu, and must be added manually.

5.    CSVDE  Imports and exports Active Directory data by using comma-separated format.

6.    LDIFDE  Can be used to create, modify, and delete Active Directory objects. This tool can also be used to extend the Active Directory schema, export user and group information to other applications or services, and populate Active Directory with data from other directory services.

7.    ADSI Editor  The ADSI editor is an MMC snap-in that can be used to view, create, modify and delete objects in Active Directory.ADSI provides a simple, powerful, scriptable interface to Active Directory to enable administrators to create reusable scripts for managing Active Directory. ADSI uses the LDAP protocol to communicate with Active Directory.

You can create scripts by using ADSI to perform the following tasks:

1.    Retrieve information about Active Directory objects

2.    Add objects to Active Directory

3.    Modify Active Directory object attribute values 

4.    Delete objects form Active Directory

5.    Extend the Active Directory schema

ADS and DNS Integration

DNS domains and Active Directory domains use identical domain names for different Namespaces. Using identical domain names enables computers in a Windows Server 2003 network to use DNS to locate domain controllers and other computers that provide Active Directory.related services.The integration of DNS and Active Directory is essential because a client computer in a Windows Server 2003 network must be able to locate a domain controller to allow users to log on to a domain or to use the services provided by Active Directory. To locate a domain controller, a computer uses DNS to locate the IP address for a computer that provides the required service within Active Directory.

Active Directory Integrated Zones

One of the benefits of integrating DNS and Active Directory is the capability to integrate DNS zones into the Active Directory database. A zone is a portion of the domain namespace that has a logical grouping of resource records allowing zone transfers of these records as a single unit.

Microsoft DNS servers store information that is used to resolve host names to IP addresses and IP addresses to host names, in a database file with the extension .dns, for each zone. Active Directory integrated zones are primary and stub DNS zones that are stored as objects in the Active Directory database. Zone objects can be stored in an Active Directory application partition or in an Active Directory domain partition. If zone objects are stored in an Active Directory application partition, only domain controllers that subscribe to the application partition will participate in the replication of this partition. However, if zone objects are stored in an Active Directory domain partition, they will be replicated to all Domain Controllers in the Domain

 
SRV RESOURCE RECORDS

For Active Directory to function properly, client computers must be able to locate servers that provide specific services such as authenticating logon requests and searching for information in Active Directory. To achieve this, Active Directory stores information about the location of the computers that provide these services in DNS records known as SRV resource records.

SRV resource records link the name of a service to the DNS computer name for the computer that offers that service. For example, an SRV record can contain information to help clients locate a domain controller in a specific domain or forest.

When a domain controller starts, it registers SRV records, which contain information about the services it provides, and an A resource record that contains its DNS computer name and its IP address. A DNS client later uses this combined information to locate the requested service on the appropriate domain controller.

All SRV records use a standard format, which consists of fields that contain the information used to map a specific service to the computer that provides the service.

SRV records use the following format:

The following is an example of an SRV record of a computer:

_ldap._tcp.contoso.msft 600 IN SRV 0 100 389 london.contoso.msft

The SRV record indicates that the computer provides the following services:

1.    Provides the LDAP service

2.     Provides the LDAP service by using the TCP transport protocol

3.    Registers the SRV record in the contoso.msft DNS domain

4.    Has a time to live (TTL) of 600 seconds or 10 minutes.

5.    Has an FQDN of london.contoso.msft

Procedure for viewing SRV records by using the DNS Snap-in

You can use either the DNS console or the NSLookup utility to view the SRV records registered by domain controllers. To view the SRV resource records registered domain controllers by using the DNS snap-in, perform the following steps:

1.    Open DNS from the Administrative Tools menu.

2.    Double-click Server (where Server is the name of your DNS server),double-click  forward Lookup Zones, and then double-click domain

3.    Open the following folders in the domain folder to view the SRV resource records that are registered:

•  _msdcs

•  _sites

•  _tcp

•  _udp

How clients locate resources ?

To log on to a Windows Server 2003 domain or to search Active Directory, a client computer must contact a domain controller. All domain controllers register both A resource records and SRV records. The A resource record contains the FQDN and IP address for the domain controller. The SRV record contains the FQDN of the domain controller and the name of the service that the domain controller provides. Therefore, the client computer can query DNS

to locate a domain controller.

The following describes the process of how a computer locates a domain controller:

1.    A user logs on to the domain, initiates an Active Directory search, or performs other tasks that require a domain controller. The Net Logon service on the client (the computer that is locating the domain controller) starts the DsGetDcName application programming interface (API).

2.    Net Logon collects information about the client and the specific service required; this information will be included in the DNS query. This information is specified by the following DsGetDcName parameters:

•  ComputerName. The name of the client computer.

•  DomainName. The name of the DNS domain that will be queried.

•  SiteName. The name of the site in which the domain controller should be located. I

if the  site is not specified, the domain controller that will be located is in the site that is

closest to the site in which the client computer is located. The client also specifies that

the domain controller should be an LDAP server in the domain named by DomainName,

or a global catalog server or KDC server for the forest in which DomainName is located.

3.    The Net Logon service sends a DNS query to a DNS server. This DNS query contains the information it collected from the client and specifies the service that is required.

4.    The DNS server queries the DNS zone database for SRV records that match the service required by the client in the domain named by DomainName. T

5.    he DNS server returns a list of IP addresses of domain controllers that provide the service requested in the domain specified by the client.

6.    The Net Logon service sends a datagram (an LDAP UDP message) to one or more of the located domain controllers to determine whether it is running and whether it supports the specified domain.

7.    Each available domain controller responds to the datagram to indicate that it is currently operational, and then returns the information to DsGetDcName. The Net Logon service returns the information to the client from the domain controller that responds first.

8.    The client computer chooses the first domain controller that responds and meets the criteria, and then sends the request to that domain controller. The Net Logon service  caches the domain controller information so that it is not necessary that the client computer repeat the discovery process for subsequent  requests. Caching this information also encourages the consistent use of the same domain controller.

The purpose of SID

Windows uses a data structure known as a Security ID (SID) to identify users, computers and groups. SIDs have two components. The first part uniquely identifies a domain; the second part uniquely identifies a user account, computer account, or group managed by that domain. Windows uses SIDs to identify users and groups in access control lists (ACLs) and group

memberships. When a user account is migrated to a different domain, it is assigned a new SID, which results in the loss of group memberships based on the old account SID. SID history is an attribute on user and group objects in Active Directory and is used to hold the previous SID of a migrated user account. If a user account is migrated multiple times, SID history stores a list of all the SIDs the user was assigned. SID history provides a migrated user with continuity of access to resources, until all the necessary groups or ACLs can be updated using the new account SID.

When a Windows Server 2003 domain controller authenticates a user, it computes group memberships using both the current user account SID, and any SIDs in SID history. If the user account has been migrated, access to resources based on the previous account is maintained.

                     Active Directory stores  information about the resources / objects on the entire network and make it easy for the users to locate, manage, and use these resources.

Improvements Made by Active Directory

1. The Active Directory account database in Windows Server 2003 can hold a billion  objects. This resolves scalability concerns.

2. Multiple domain controllers can host read/write copies of Active Directory,  eliminating the problems with a single point of failure and poor operational  performance.

3. A Windows 2000 server  can be promoted to a domain controller and demoted back to a member server without the need to reinstall the operating system.

4. Active Directory domains still use “trusts” that  now give full, two-way access to resources and are fully transitive between domains.

Introduction:

                  Active Directory is made up of components that constitute its logical and physical structure. To administer Active Directory, we must understand the purpose of these components

Logical Structure :

The logical structure of Active Directory provides methods for organizing network resources such as computers, printers, users and groups. It is made up
of objects, organizational units, domains, domain trees, and forests.


1. Objects 

The object is the most basic component of the logical structure. Object  classes are template for the types of objects that can be created in Active Directory. Each object class is defined by a group of attribute. Attributes define the possible values that can be associated with an object. Each object has a unique combination of attribute values.


2. Organizational units 

Organizational units are container objects that are used to group other objects in a manner that supports your administrative purposes. By grouping objects by organizational unit in a logical fashion, it becomes easier to locate and administer objects. We can also delegate the authority to administer an organizational unit.  Organizational units can be nested in other organizational units. By nesting organizational units, we can further simplify the administration of objects. 

3. Domains 

Domains are the core functional units in the Active Directory logical structure. A domain is a collection of  objects that share a common directory database, security policies, and security relationships with other domains.  Domains provide the following three functions:
•  Serve as an administrative boundary for objects
•  Help to manage security for shared resources
•  Serve as a unit of replication for objects

4. Domain Trees 

Domains can be grouped together in hierarchical structures that are called trees. When a second domain is added to a tree, it becomes a child of the tree root domain. The domain to which a child domain is attached is called the parent domain. A child domain may in turn have its own child domain.  The name of a child domain is combined with the name of its parent domain to form its own unique Domain Name System (DNS) name. In this manner, a tree has a contiguous namespace.

5.Forests 

Forests are made up of one or more trees, although a single two-level tree is recommended for most organizations. A two-level tree is when all child domains are made children of the forest root domain to form one contiguous tree. The first domain in the forest is called the forest root domain, and the name of that domain is used to refer to the forest. A forest is a complete instance of Active Directory. By default, the information within Active Directory is shared only within the forest. In this way, the forest is a security
boundary for the information contained in the instance of Active Directory.

Physical Structure :

                     The physical structure of Active Directory models the physical structure of the network, and is made up of domain controllers and sites. The physical structure  of Active Directory defines where and when replication and logon traffic occur, and is used to and manage network traffic. The physical structure enables you to optimize network traffic by determining when and where replication and logon traffic occur.  The elements of the Active Directory physical structure are :

1. Domain controllers 

Domain controller performs storage and replication functions. A domain controller can support only one domain. A domain can have one or more domain controllers.

2. Active Directory sites 

Created mainly to optimize replication traffic and to enable users to connect domain controllers by using reliable , high speed connection. A site is a group of well-connected computers. When sites are established, domain controllers within a single site communicate frequently. This communication minimizes the latency within the site. Latency is the time required for a change that is made on one domain controller to be replicated on other domain controllers. You create sites to optimize the use of bandwidth between separated domain controllers. There can be multiple domains in a single site and single site can have multiple sites.

Note : We use Logical structure to organize the network resources and Physical structure to manage the network traffic.

To View the Logical and Physical Sctructure of Active Directory

                                 The logical and physical structure of Active Directory can be viewed by using tools such as Active Directory Users and Computers, Active Directory Sites and Services, Active Directory Schema, ADSI Edit, and Active Directory Domains and Trusts. To view the Active Directory logical and physical structure, perform the following steps:

1.Open Active Directory Users and Computers and view the organizational
units in Active Directory. To do so, perform the following steps:


a.  Click Start, All Programs, Administrative Tools, and then click
Active Directory Users and Computers.
b.  In the left pane, double-click Active Directory Users and computers.
c.  In the left pane, double-click the domain for which you want to view the organizational units.
d.  Display the Properties page for each container in the left pane and determine the object type by using the Object class information on the Object tab.
You can also view the organizational units in Active Directory by using the
ADSI editor. The ADSI Edit snap-in is not installed by default. To install it, use the
support tools installer, Suptools.msi, which is located in the \Support\Tools
folder of the Windows Server 2003 product CD.

2.  Open Active Directory Domains and Trusts to view the logical structure
of Active Directory. To do so, perform the following steps:
a.  Click Start, All Programs, Administrative Tools, and then click
Active Directory Domains and Trusts.
b.  In the left pane, expand the node that represents the forest-root domain
to view the domains that make up the logical structure of Active
Directory.

3.  Open Active Directory Sites and Services and view the physical structure
of Active Directory. To do so, perform the following steps:
a.  Click Start, All Programs, Administrative Tools, and then click
Active Directory Sites and Services.
b.  In the left pane, expand the Sites folder.
c.  Click the folder that represents the site for which you want to view a list
of servers.
d.  Click the Servers folder to view a list of servers in the right pane.

What Does Active Directory Do?

1. Active Directory stores information about users, computers and network resources, and makes the resources accessible to users and applications. It does this by providing a consistent way to name, describe, locate, access, manage, and secure information about these resources.

2. Active Directory provides centralized control of network resources, such as servers, shared files, and printers, and allows only authorized users to gain access to resources throughout Active Directory.

3. With Active Directory, you can centralize or delegate the administration of resources and objects as appropriate. Administrators can manage distributed desktops, network services, and applications from a central location by using a consistent management interface, or they can distribute administrative tasks by
delegating control of resources to other administrators.

4. When Active Directory is installed, all resources in a Windows Server 2003 network are stored in Active Directory as objects. These objects are organized in a secure, hierarchical logical structure.

5.The physical structure of Active Directory enables you to optimize the use of network bandwidth. For example, the physical structure of Active Directory ensures that, when users log on to the network, they are authenticated by the authentication authority that is nearest to the user, thus reducing the amount of network traffic.

Limitations of  NT Security:

    * Restricted SAM size
    * Single point of failure at the primary domain controller
    * Poor operational performance
    * Poor replication performance
    * Lack of management granularity
    * Nontransitive trust relationships

Security Account Manger (SAM) Database Size:

                               Security accounts in classic NT are stored in the Security Account Manager database, called the SAM for short.The SAM is a flat-file database consisting of a set of Groups and a set of Users. Computer accounts are also included in the SAM as a special form of user account. The total number of users, computers, and groups in classic NT is limited because the SAM cannot grow above a certain size.

                 The PDC is the only server that has read/write access to the SAM in a classic NTdomain. If the PDC crashes or the telecommunications link to it goes down, you cannot make any changes to the domain. You cannot add new users to a group or join computers to the domain. Users can still log on via a backup domain controller (BDC) but they cannot change their passwords. To correct this problem, an administrator must promote a BDC to PDC .

Lack of Management:

A major weakness in the  SAM structure is its inability to support hierarchical

management.

Nontransitive Trust Relationships:

Of all the limitations in classic NT, the ugliest is the inability to link domains together seamlessly while maintaining separate administrative roles.

Classic domains are linked by trust relationships.

MCSE - 2003:

Core Papers:(4 papers needed)

Client:(1 paper needed)

Design Paper:(1 paper needed)

Elective:(1 paper needed)

MCSA - 2003:

Core Papers:(2 papers needed)

Client:(1 paper needed)

Elective:(1 paper needed)

                          There are many exams and let us consider MCSE 2003 initially . Certifications in microsoft has great boon to get jobs in networking. It all deals with windows server with flavors of 2000 and server 2003.

MCSE is the acronym of Microsoft Certified System Engineer.

This study involves in administrating and maintaining windows server. The server is nothing but a system which serves files and other resources to client machines located in various parts. The server is a central and main functioning unit of an organization which gives information and manages network resourses connected via network.
 

MCSE is the study about windows servers. There are many servers which functions in unique way. A file server is used for sharing files to other computers. Print servers are used to manage network printers and so on.

To study MCSE we need to have a basic idea of networking concepts. Let us see some of the basics and pre-requisites to start MCSE.